Concourt Rules Sections of PAIA and Tax Administration Act Unconstitutional: SARS Must Grant Access to Former President Zuma's Tax Records

In 2019, Warren Thompson, a financial journalist, applied under the Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000 (PAIA) to gain access to the tax records of former President Jacob Zuma. This application was prompted by allegations made in Jacques Pauw's book, "The President's Keeper," and subsequent support from other sources. The allegations suggested that Mr Zuma had evaded tax, failed to disclose additional income sources, and neglected tax obligations related to fringe benefits during his presidency.

SARS initially denied Thompson's application, citing Mr Zuma's confidentiality entitlement under PAIA's sections 34(1) and 35(1), as well as section 69(1) of the Tax Administration Act 28 of 2011 (TAA). Thompson appealed internally, but SARS dismissed the appeal on the same grounds. Consequently, Thompson and others filed a legal application in the High Court, seeking a determination on the extent of protection for tax information under PAIA.

The applicants aimed to challenge the constitutionality of the statutory prohibition against disclosing a taxpayer's tax information held by SARS. They argued that the prohibition should not be absolute when disclosure would reveal substantial legal violations and be in the public interest.

The relief sought from the High Court included:

(a) A declaration of unconstitutionality for sections of PAIA and TAA that prevent access to a taxpayer's tax information under PAIA by requesters other than the taxpayer, even when disclosure is clearly in the public interest.

(b) A "reading-in" remedy to expand the limited public interest exception in PAIA, allowing broader access to tax information when disclosure serves the public interest.

(c) An order granting access to Mr Zuma's relevant tax records that relate to the allegations and their implications for the public interest.

The High Court granted the relief, and on appeal, the Constitutional Court upheld the order in Arena Holdings (Pty) Ltd t/a Financial Mail and Others v South African Revenue Service and Others (CCT 365/21) [2023] ZACC 13 (30 May 2023).

The Constitutional Court found sections 35 and 46 of PAIA and 67 and 69 of the TAA constitutionally invalid. It emphasized the need to balance the right to privacy with the rights of access to information and freedom of expression. Thompson's request for access to Zuma's tax returns for the 2010 to 2018 tax years was referred back to SARS for reconsideration in light of the court's order. The Minister of Justice and Correctional Services was given until the end of June 2023 to supplement the request for access to the records.

To allow Parliament time to address the constitutional invalidity, the Court suspended the specific sections for 24 months from the date of the order.

This judgment is expected to enhance transparency in public bodies and among public officials, reinforcing the constitutional right of access to information.

Frequently asked questions about divorces in South Africa

Q:        WHAT IS A DIVORCE IN SOUTH AFRICA?

A:        A divorce in South Africa refers to the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court. 

Q:        WHO CAN GET DIVORCED IN SOUTH AFRICA?

A:        Anyone with a legal marriage under civil or customary law in South Africa can get divorced. 

Q:        WHAT HAPPENS IF I WAS MARRIED IN TERMS OF CUSTOMARY LAW BUT NEVER REGISTERED THE MARRIAGE AT HOME AFFAIRS?

A:        If you were married according to customary law but never registered the marriage at Home Affairs, you can still get divorced. Failure to register a customary marriage does not affect its validity. For more information, please refer to this resource: https://bregmans.co.za/2020/06/02/must-a-customary-marriage-be-registered-to-be-valid/ 

Q:        WHAT HAPPENS IF I DON’T WANT TO GET DIVORCED BUT MY SPOUSE DOES?

A:        In South Africa, the Divorce Act allows for a "no-fault" divorce, meaning that neither party needs to be held responsible for the end of the marriage. If one spouse wants to get divorced, you can try to defend the divorce on the basis that it has not broken down, but the court will likely still grant the divorce. 

Q:        I WANT TO GET DIVORCED, NOW WHAT?

A:        If you want to get divorced, you need to have a summons issued either by a Regional Court in your area or the High Court. The summons must be served on your spouse by the sheriff. There are other considerations you should think about. For more details, please visit this resource: https://bregmans.co.za/2023/04/20/the-divorce-process-in-south-africa/. We highly recommend consulting with a specialist attorney to assist you with the process. 

Q:        WHAT ARE THE COSTS INVOLVED?

A:        The costs involved in a divorce in South Africa depend on various factors, including whether the divorce is opposed or unopposed (i.e., if a settlement has been reached) and whether you are going through the Regional Court or High Court. The costs can also vary based on your attorney. At Bregman Moodley Attorneys, we provide comprehensive cost estimations tailored to your specific needs and desired outcomes. We accept payment terms. 

Q:        WHY SHOULD I USE THE SERVICES OF BREGMAN MOODLEY ATTORNEYS TO ASSIST WITH MY DIVORCE? 

A:        Bregman Moodley Attorneys has over 50 years of experience in assisting clients with family law matters, including divorce. Our specialist attorneys are highly skilled and experienced in divorce cases, and we strive to ensure the easiest, quickest, cheapest, and most stress-free process from start to finish.

 

 

 

 

Deregistering a Trust: Process and Requirements for Termination

What are the legal requirements to deregister a Trust?

Termination of a trust can occur through various means, such as legal operation, achievement of trust objectives, destruction of trust property, or beneficiary renunciation. Regardless of whether it is an inter vivos or testamentary trust, it is crucial to review the trust deed, including any amendments, as it typically outlines provisions for deregistration and termination, along with the specific process and conditions involved.

Before proceeding with deregistration, trustees must settle all financial obligations, including outstanding taxes, debts, or liabilities. Additionally, they must obtain any necessary tax clearances. Furthermore, beneficiaries must receive their entitled benefits or provide consent for the termination and deregistration to proceed.

What happens when a trust is terminated?

The Master will undertake the deregistration process, which involves requesting specific documentation from the trustee(s). Once the required documents are submitted, the Master will close the trust file.

What documents will the Master need to deregister the Trust?

To facilitate the deregistration of a trust, the following documents are typically required by the Master:

1.     An originally signed resolution by the trustees, outlining key information about the trust:

a) Indicate whether the trust was dormant or active.

b) Confirm distribution of trust assets to beneficiaries.

c) Affirm that all trust assets have been divested.

d) Specify if the trust terminated after a certain period or upon the occurrence of a specific event.

e) Declare achievement of the primary objective or the impossibility of its attainment.

f) Confirm closure of any bank account held in the trust's name, if applicable.

2.     The original letter of authority.

3.     A bank statement reflecting a nil balance for the trust, the final statement before account closure, or a closure confirmation letter from the bank.

Once the Master has confirmed the deregistration of the trust and informed the trustees that his file is closed, the Master must direct the attention of the trustees to the provisions of Section 17 of Trust Property Control Act 57 of 1998 which states:

“A trustee shall not without the written consent of the Master destroy any document which serves as proof of the investment, safe custody, control, administration, alienation or distribution of trust property before the expiry of a period of five years from termination of a trust.”

 

 

Remedies when a party dissipates assets pending a divorce

What is an accrual calculation in a divorce? 

An accrual calculation refers to the process of determining a monetary claim made by a spouse who has accumulated less wealth during the marriage against the spouse who has accumulated more. This claim arises when a marriage subject to the accrual system is dissolved. It aims to equalize the financial positions of the spouses. It's important to note that an accrual claim does not entitle a spouse to a direct share of the other spouse's assets. See Reeder v Softline Limited and Another 2001 (2) SA 844 (W) at 848J- 849A. 

When is the value of a spouse's accrual calculated? 

The value of a spouse's accrual is calculated at the date of the marriage's dissolution, as per the Matrimonial Property Act of 1984. 

The exception: Dissipation of assets 

However, there can be concerns if one spouse dissipates their assets before the divorce is finalized, as it can negatively impact the other spouse's accrual claim. When assets are dissipated before the accrual calculation date, two negative effects occur: 

·         The dissipating spouse will have fewer assets or a lower net value in their estate at the accrual calculation date, reducing the difference in accrual between their estate and the other spouse's estate. This lowers the other spouse's claim. 

·         With fewer assets available in the dissipating spouse's estate, it becomes more challenging to satisfy the accrual claim even if awarded by the court. In other words, the dissipating spouse may not have sufficient assets to fulfil the claim. 

Who determines the accrual calculation? 

If the spouses cannot agree on how to calculate each other's accrual, and there's no agreement to involve a third party, the court has the responsibility to determine the extent of the accrual claim. However, unlike marriages in community of property, the court cannot delegate this responsibility to a third party without the agreement of both parties. 

The available remedy 

According to Section 8(1) of the Matrimonial Property Act, a court may order the immediate division of the accrual if a spouse demonstrates to the court that their right to share in the other spouse's accrual will be seriously prejudiced by the conduct or proposed conduct of the other spouse, without prejudicing any other person. The court can base this order on the provisions of the Act or any other justifiable basis. 

To obtain an immediate division of the accrual, the requesting spouse needs to satisfy the court that: 

·         The marriage is subject to the accrual system.

·         They have the right to share in the other spouse's accrual upon divorce.

·         Their right will be significantly prejudiced by the other spouse's conduct.

·         The immediate division will not prejudice any other person. 

If a spouse suspects that their partner is dissipating assets during divorce proceedings, they can apply for urgent interim relief from the court to prevent such dissipation. This relief is temporary until the divorce is finalized. Alternatively, they can request a court order for an immediate division of the accrual. However, they must demonstrate that they are entitled to the accrual claim even at the date of divorce, without a significant increase in their own estate. 

When considering an immediate division of the accrual as a final remedy, the court will apply the test outlined in Plascon-Evans Paints Limited v Van Riebeeck Paints (Pty) Limited 1984 (3) SA 623 (A) at 634 E-G. This means that the relief can only be granted if the facts, as stated by the respondents and admitted in the applicants' affidavits, justify it. Factual disputes should be resolved by accepting the respondents' version, except when it is clearly unreasonable or untenable based on the available evidence. 

It's crucial to carefully assess the genuineness of any apparent factual disputes to ensure that immediate division effectively protects the position of the vulnerable spouse. 

Importantly, an accrual calculation does not entitle one spouse to a portion of the other spouse's assets. It represents a deferred equalization claim. This distinction is essential in determining the nature of interdictory relief to protect the claim. A spouse cannot seek an interdict or interim relief for a claim of half of their spouse's assets; the claim solely relies on the accrual in their own estate.

Employment Equity Amendment Act 2022: Key Changes Impacting South African Employers

By Sharusha Moodley

On April 14, 2023, the Employment Equity Amendment Act 4 of 2022 (EEA Amendment) came into effect, bringing significant changes to South Africa's Employment Equity Act 66 of 1998 (EEA). These amendments aim to enhance the promotion of equity and inclusivity in the workplace. This article provides a brief overview of the key amendments and their implications for employers in the country.

Expanded Definition of "Designated Employer": One notable amendment is the redefinition of a "designated employer." Previously, this term considered both the number of employees and the annual turnover of a business. However, the EEA Amendment now defines a designated employer as one that employs more than 50 employees, irrespective of the business's annual turnover. This change may result in some employers no longer having a legal obligation to actively address underrepresented designated groups or promote affirmative action.

Inclusion of "People with Disabilities": The EEA Amendment expands the definition of "people with disabilities" to include those with an intellectual impairment that substantially limits their employment prospects. By recognizing a broader range of disabilities, this amendment seeks to provide greater support and opportunities for individuals facing intellectual challenges.

Introduction of National Economic Sectors: Section 15A has been introduced into the EEA, granting the Minister of Employment and Labour the authority to identify national economic sectors. This step aims to ensure targeted equity measures in specific industries or sectors where disparities may exist. The identification of these sectors will enable the Minister to set numerical targets tailored to address equity issues within each sector.

Broadened Powers of the Labour Inspector: Under the amended legislation, labour inspectors now have wider powers. In cases where an employer fails to prepare an employment equity plan, a compliance order can be issued. This measure aims to enforce compliance with the law and promote the development and implementation of comprehensive employment equity plans by employers.

The Minister of Employment and Labour is expected to commence consultations and publish draft national economic sectors, along with their corresponding targets. Employers should stay informed about these developments and actively participate in the consultation process to ensure their voices are heard and to understand how these amendments may specifically impact their business sector.

The Employment Equity Amendment Act 2022 introduces important changes to the Employment Equity Act in South Africa, with the aim of fostering greater workplace equity and inclusivity. Employers need to familiarise themselves with the amended legislation, particularly the redefined designated employer category and the forthcoming national economic sector codes. By proactively staying informed and engaging in the consultation process, employers can navigate these changes effectively while promoting a more equitable and diverse work environment.

Please contact Sharusha Moodley for all your employment law issues.